Reader companion · English v4.8 · Updated September 15, 2026
References and sources
English v4.8 · Evidence checked September 15, 2026 · 58 entries. The raised citation numbers in the book map to the same numbered entries below. Original IDs 1–5 are retained. This edition archive preserves its numbering as future editions develop.
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1. Davis SR, et al. Global Consensus Position Statement on the Use of Testosterone Therapy for Women. JCEM. 2019;104:4660–4666. doi:10.1210/jc.2019-01603.
Relevant sections: Consensus recommendations: HSDD, physiological female exposure, modest benefit and limits of long-term safety.
Limit: Postmenopausal HSDD; not general wellbeing, cognition or universal sexual enhancement.
2. Parish SJ, et al. ISSWSH Clinical Practice Guideline for the Use of Systemic Testosterone for HSDD in Women. J Sex Med. 2021;18:849–867. doi:10.1016/j.jsxm.2020.10.009.
Relevant sections: Management guidelines, Table 1, diagnosis, monitoring and stopping at six months without benefit.
Limit: Testosterone concentration does not diagnose HSDD. Limited evidence outside postmenopausal HSDD; treatment requires monitoring.
3. Addyi (flibanserin). U.S. prescribing information, revised December 2025. DailyMed.
Relevant sections: Indications; boxed warning; contraindications; eight-week discontinuation.
Limit: Acquired generalized HSDD in women under 65, not explained by illness, relationship problems or medication; alcohol, CYP3A4 and liver precautions.
4. Vyleesi (bremelanotide). U.S. prescribing information. DailyMed.
Relevant sections: Indications, contraindications, blood pressure, nausea, pigmentation and eight-week discontinuation.
Limit: Premenopausal acquired generalized HSDD; not postmenopausal use or sexual performance enhancement. Contraindicated in uncontrolled hypertension or known cardiovascular disease.
5. U.S. Food and Drug Administration. Testosterone Information.
Relevant sections: Approved-use information.
Limit: No U.S. testosterone product approved for female HSDD; approval and clinical evidence are separate.
6. AUA/SUFU. Guideline on the Diagnosis and Treatment of Idiopathic Overactive Bladder. 2024.
Relevant sections: Initial evaluation; bladder diary and PVR; behavioral therapy; statements 16–19 and 24–29.
Limit: Idiopathic OAB after relevant alternatives excluded. Treatments selected through shared decision-making; no mandatory step sequence.
7. AUA/SUFU. Microhematuria Guideline. 2020; amended 2025.
Relevant sections: Definition/initial evaluation; statements 10–20 risk-based workup and urinary markers; follow-up.
Limit: Microscopic hematuria risk pathway differs from visible bleeding. Negative testing does not eliminate all future risk.
8. AUA/CUA/SUFU. Recurrent Uncomplicated Urinary Tract Infections in Women. 2025.
Relevant sections: Symptom/culture diagnosis; prevention, vaginal estrogen, cranberry, D-mannose, methenamine and fluid intake.
Limit: Index population is adult women with recurrent localized uncomplicated cystitis, not sepsis, pregnancy, obstruction or catheter-associated infection.
9. Nicolle LE, et al. IDSA Guideline for Management of Asymptomatic Bacteriuria. Clin Infect Dis. 2019. doi:10.1093/cid/ciy1121.
Relevant sections: Recommendations II–V, pregnancy and endourologic mucosal-trauma exceptions.
Limit: Bacteriuria alone, including with falls or delirium without local urinary/systemic infection signs, does not justify antibiotics.
10. AUA. Diagnosis and Management of Male Chronic Pelvic Pain. 2025.
Relevant sections: Evaluation, pelvic floor myalgia, multimodal treatment; statements 41–43 against dismissal/repeated antibiotics without infection.
Limit: Male CP/CPPS and chronic scrotal content pain; heterogeneous mechanisms and limited evidence for many interventions.
11. AUA. Diagnosis and Treatment of Interstitial Cystitis/Bladder Pain Syndrome. 2022.
Relevant sections: Diagnosis, individualized treatment and statement 12 manual physical therapy for pelvic tenderness.
Limit: Not every painful bladder is IC/BPS. Avoid strengthening exercises when painful high-tone muscles need relaxation.
12. AUA. Urethral Stricture Guideline Amendment. 2023. Guideline-panel case-based summary.
Relevant sections: Drug-coated balloon recommendation for selected recurrent bulbar strictures shorter than 3 cm; reconstruction alternatives.
Limit: Not a general option for every urethral narrowing; location, prior treatment and durability matter.
13. AUA. Non-Neurogenic Chronic Urinary Retention: Consensus Definition, Management Strategies, and Future Opportunities.
Relevant sections: Risk stratification, trial of drainage, intermittent versus indwelling catheters and voiding trials.
Limit: Consensus/expert opinion; residual alone is not the entire risk assessment. Feasibility and upper-tract risk matter.
14. AUA/SUFU. Adult Neurogenic Lower Urinary Tract Dysfunction Guideline. 2021.
Relevant sections: Risk stratification; treatment/follow-up; statement 35 on intermittent catheterization.
Limit: Neurologic disease population; evidence heavily weighted toward spinal cord injury. Cognition, hand function and caregiver capacity limit options.
15. AUA/SUFU. Surgical Treatment of Female Stress Urinary Incontinence: Guideline Amendment. 2023. doi:10.1097/JU.0000000000003435.
Relevant sections: Counseling, pelvic-floor training, pessary, sling and bulking options.
Limit: Stress mechanism; not an interchangeable treatment for urgency or overflow leakage. Bulking often needs repeat treatment.
16. AUA/GURS/SUFU. Incontinence After Prostate Treatment. 2019; amended 2024.
Relevant sections: Pelvic-floor rehabilitation; artificial sphincter and male sling selection, statements 17–22.
Limit: Severity, prior radiation and ability to operate a device change candidacy.
17. AUA. Management of LUTS Attributed to BPH. 2026. Part II: Medical Management. doi:10.1097/JU.0000000000005098.
Relevant sections: Alpha-blockers, 5-alpha-reductase inhibitors, tadalafil and combination therapy.
Limit: Bothersome symptoms attributed to BPH; enlarged prostate does not by itself prove obstruction. No guaranteed symptom response.
18. EAU. Management of Non-neurogenic Male LUTS. 2026. Disease Management.
Relevant sections: Conservative/medical treatment; procedural selection including TURP, enucleation, lift, water-vapor therapy, Aquablation and PAE; section 5.5 nocturia.
Limit: Male LUTS; procedural effects differ by anatomy and outcome. Nocturia has systemic/sleep causes and often responds incompletely to outlet treatment.
19. EAU. Prostate Cancer Guidelines. 2026. Diagnostic Evaluation.
Relevant sections: PSA interpretation; sections 5.5–5.7 MRI/biopsy and repeat biopsy.
Limit: MRI estimates suspicion and can miss significant cancer. Negative MRI/biopsy interpreted with baseline risk; screening is not diagnosis.
20. EAU. Prostate Cancer Guidelines. 2026. Treatment.
Relevant sections: Risk-adapted active surveillance/watchful waiting, surgery, radiation and focal treatment.
Limit: Life expectancy, risk and baseline function matter; focal/ablative treatments have limited comparative evidence and trial/registry boundaries.
21. Burnett AL, et al. Erectile Dysfunction: AUA Guideline. 2018. doi:10.1016/j.juro.2018.05.004.
Relevant sections: Evaluation including morning testosterone; CVD risk; oral drugs, devices, injections, implants and emerging therapies.
Limit: ED is a risk marker, not a diagnosis of coronary obstruction. Nitrates contraindicate PDE5 inhibitors. AUA classifies low-intensity shockwave as investigational.
22. EAU. Sexual and Reproductive Health Guidelines. 2026. Management of Erectile Dysfunction.
Relevant sections: Diagnostic workup, cardiometabolic risk and treatment recommendations, including low-intensity shockwave.
Limit: Weak selected-patient shockwave recommendation; device/protocol heterogeneity. Not a universal restorative cure.
23. AUA. Evaluation and Management of Testosterone Deficiency. 2018; validity confirmed 2024.
Relevant sections: Statements 2–3 diagnosis; adjunctive endocrine testing; fertility and monitoring.
Limit: Compatible symptoms/signs plus two separate early-morning total testosterone measurements. Benefits in deficient men do not establish longevity benefit.
24. U.S. Food and Drug Administration. FDA issues class-wide labeling changes for testosterone products. February 28, 2025.
Relevant sections: TRAVERSE-related labeling revision and blood-pressure warnings.
Limit: Removal of prior boxed cardiovascular wording is not proof of universal cardiovascular safety; blood pressure can increase.
25. Endocrine Society. Testosterone Therapy in Men With Hypogonadism Clinical Practice Guideline. 2018.
Relevant sections: Recommendations 1.1–1.4 and 2.1–2.3.
Limit: Avoid initiation with stated contraindications; individual assessment and monitoring essential. Guideline recommendations may differ from an individual specialist's approach.
26. AUA/SMSNA. Diagnosis and Management of Priapism. 2022.
Relevant sections: Definitions, urgent ischemic evaluation and prolonged erection after injection guidance.
Limit: Patients cannot safely distinguish low- from high-flow themselves. Four-hour emergency assessment must not depend on waiting for pain.
27. AUA. Peyronie’s Disease Guideline. 2015.
Relevant sections: Evaluation, stable disease, intralesional collagenase and surgical selection.
Limit: Anatomy, stability and erectile function govern treatment; collagenase can cause corporal rupture and is not for every curvature.
28. AUA/SMSNA. Disorders of Ejaculation Guideline. 2020.
Relevant sections: History, medication contributors, behavioral and pharmacologic choices for premature/delayed ejaculation.
Limit: Ejaculation, orgasm and erection are distinct. Several treatments are off-label; no universal drug for delayed orgasm.
29. AUA/ASRM. Diagnosis and Treatment of Infertility in Men. 2020; amended 2024.
Relevant sections: Couple assessment, semen testing, targeted endocrine/genetic workup, varicocele, ART; statements 41–42.
Limit: Semen parameters are imperfect fertility predictors; testosterone can suppress spermatogenesis; supplements lack reliable established fertility benefit.
30. EAU. Urolithiasis Guidelines. 2026. Guidelines chapter.
Relevant sections: Diagnostic imaging, renal colic, infected obstruction, observation/MET and procedure selection.
Limit: Urgent drainage for infected obstruction; stone size/location and clinical risk govern passage and intervention. Pain relief does not prove passage.
31. EAU. Urolithiasis Guidelines. 2026. Metabolic Evaluation and Recurrence Prevention.
Relevant sections: Sections 4.1–4.4 and stone-specific prevention.
Limit: Fluid and nutrition advice individualized for kidney/heart disease. Normal food calcium differs from supplements. Prevention is not guaranteed.
32. AUA. Renal Mass and Localized Renal Cancer: Evaluation, Management, and Follow-Up. 2021.
Relevant sections: Statements 10–19 biopsy/nephron preservation and active-surveillance recommendations.
Limit: Small size/growth alone does not determine biology. Biopsy useful when it changes management; surveillance is an active plan.
33. KDIGO. Clinical Practice Guideline for Evaluation and Management of Chronic Kidney Disease. 2024.
Relevant sections: Evaluation/chronicity, GFR/albuminuria, nutrition, medication stewardship and monitoring.
Limit: CKD requires persistence or other evidence of chronicity; creatinine depends partly on muscle. Acute change requires separate assessment.
34. AUA/SUFU/AUGS. Genitourinary Syndrome of Menopause Guideline. 2025.
Relevant sections: Evaluation; local hormonal/nonhormonal options; pelvic-floor referral; cancer-history shared decisions.
Limit: GSM symptoms overlap infection, dermatoses and pelvic-floor pain. Local estrogen does not substitute for diagnosis or treat every urinary problem.
35. CDC. Sexually Transmitted Infections Treatment Guidelines. 2021; current online guidance.
Relevant sections: Urethritis/cervicitis, epididymitis and partner/testing considerations.
Limit: STI exposure and local epidemiology affect testing/treatment. Sudden unilateral scrotal pain needs torsion assessment before assuming infection.
36. World Health Organization. Guidelines on Physical Activity and Sedentary Behaviour. 2020. Recommendations.
Relevant sections: Adult aerobic/strength activity and older-adult balance recommendations.
Limit: 150–300 moderate or 75–150 vigorous minutes weekly; strength at least two days; adapt to ability/illness. General-health guidance, not a urologic cure rate.
37. Cruz-Jentoft AJ, et al. Sarcopenia: revised European consensus on definition and diagnosis. Age Ageing. 2019;48:16–31. doi:10.1093/ageing/afy169.
Relevant sections: EWGSOP2 operational definition; strength, muscle quantity/quality and performance.
Limit: Low strength signals probable sarcopenia; low mass/quality confirms; low performance indicates severity. One weight measurement is insufficient.
38. NIDDK. Urodynamic Testing.
Relevant sections: Uroflow, postvoid residual, cystometry, pressure-flow and electromyography.
Limit: Descriptions of tests, not evidence that every symptomatic patient needs them; test interpretation remains contextual.
39. American College of Radiology. Manual on Contrast Media. Current online manual.
Relevant sections: Patient selection, iodinated contrast kidney injury and gadolinium/NSF chapters.
Limit: Agent, kidney status, acute illness, prior reaction, pregnancy and diagnostic need determine risk; no blanket contrast prohibition.
40. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. Individuals’ Right under HIPAA to Access their Health Information.
Relevant sections: Scope of designated record sets; permitted forms and exceptions.
Limit: U.S. HIPAA-covered entities and applicable law; not an unlimited right to any format or excluded record.
41. USPSTF. Prostate Cancer: Screening. Final Recommendation Statement. May 8, 2018.
Relevant sections: Shared decisions, potential benefits, false positives, overdiagnosis and treatment harms.
Limit: Asymptomatic screening population; differs from evaluation of symptoms or follow-up of known cancer. Update in progress as checked.
42. NIDDK. Cystoscopy & Ureteroscopy.
Relevant sections: Indications, preparation, anesthesia, recovery and complications.
Limit: Direct inspection cannot diagnose every functional or pain disorder; post-procedure fever/retention requires prompt contact.
43. EAU. Urological Infections Guidelines. 2026.
Relevant sections: Localized/systemic UTI; sections 3.6–3.7 pyelonephritis/systemic UTI; source control; Fournier gangrene.
Limit: Some stable systemic UTIs can be managed as outpatients; sepsis, obstruction or inability to take treatment changes urgency.
44. Society of Critical Care Medicine. Sepsis Definitions.
Relevant sections: Adult Sepsis-3 definition and organ dysfunction.
Limit: Adult sepsis is infection-related life-threatening organ dysfunction; symptoms alone do not establish sepsis or its source.
45. NIDDK. Urinary Retention.
Relevant sections: Symptoms, causes, diagnosis and treatment.
Limit: Acute inability to urinate needs urgent assessment; chronic retention can be quiet. A diary cannot measure retained urine.
46. Dhayat NA, et al. Hydrochlorothiazide and Prevention of Kidney-Stone Recurrence. N Engl J Med. 2023;388:781–791. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa2209275.
Relevant sections: NOSTONE randomized trial, symptomatic/radiologic recurrence and adverse events.
Limit: Recurrent calcium-stone population; no substantial primary-outcome benefit versus placebo across studied doses. Does not settle every thiazide regimen or hypercalciuric subgroup.
47. Bhavsar A, Verma S. Anatomic Imaging of the Prostate. Biomed Res Int. 2014;2014:728539. doi:10.1155/2014/728539.
Relevant sections: Authentic prostate MRI figure provenance.
Limit: CC BY 3.0 source credit; image is an example, not a diagnostic performance study.
48. EAU. Testicular Cancer Guidelines. 2026. Diagnostic Evaluation.
Relevant sections: Clinical presentation and scrotal ultrasound.
Limit: Painless mass can be malignant; imaging characterizes a lesion but clinical context determines the pathway.
49. NICE. Suspected neurological conditions: recognition and referral. NG127. Recommendations for adults over 16.
Relevant sections: Cauda equina immediate-referral recommendation.
Limit: New bladder/bowel/sexual disturbance or perineal numbness with severe radiating back pain needs immediate assessment.
50. NIH Office of Dietary Supplements. Dietary Supplements: What You Need to Know.
Relevant sections: Effectiveness, safety and medicine interactions.
Limit: Natural does not establish safety; supplements are not assessed for efficacy like approved medicines.
51. ACR. Appropriateness Criteria: Hydronephrosis on Prior Imaging—Unknown Cause. 2023; journal publication 2024.
Relevant sections: Clinical variants and imaging evaluation.
Limit: Dilation requires explanation; anatomical and functional testing address different questions.
52. ACR/RSNA. Renal Scintigraphy. RadiologyInfo.
Relevant sections: Renal function, perfusion and diuretic drainage studies.
Limit: Tracer study measures function/drainage; not interchangeable with an anatomical scan.
53. National Cancer Institute. Treatment of Bladder Cancer by Stage.
Relevant sections: Non-muscle-invasive and muscle-invasive treatment pathways.
Limit: Depth, grade, extent and prior response change treatment; general overview, not an individualized regimen.
54. NIDDK. The A1C Test & Diabetes.
Relevant sections: What is the A1C test; factors affecting interpretation.
Limit: Average glucose exposure over about three months; not an instantaneous glucose measurement.
55. National Library of Medicine. Complete Blood Count (CBC).
Relevant sections: What it measures; uses; interpreting results.
Limit: CBC abnormalities are clues and monitoring measures, not a specific infection diagnosis.
56. ACR/RSNA. MRI Safety.
Relevant sections: Implants, metal, contrast and preparation.
Limit: Device-specific safety screening; not all implants prohibit MRI.
57. ACR/RSNA. Abdominal Ultrasound.
Relevant sections: Mechanism, uses and limitations.
Limit: Sound-wave imaging; limitations depend on anatomy and examination.
58. American Urological Association. Vasectomy Guideline (2026).
Relevant sections: Purpose and preoperative counseling about permanent contraception.
Limit: Used only for the glossary definition; no reversal success estimate claimed.