UroLongevity Press · Stones Unlocked companion

October 2026 English edition · Evidence reviewed through October 3, 2026 · David Shusterman, MD

References and Sources

The raised numbers in the text point to the references below. Guideline versions and access dates are stated where relevant; recommendations can change. Where the text says that evidence is thin, or that a position is the author's preference rather than established fact, that qualification stands regardless of the citation.

  1. Pearle MS, Matlaga BR, Antonelli JA, et al. Surgical Management of Kidney and Ureteral Stones: AUA Guideline (2026), Parts I–III. J Urol. 2026;215(2):113-141. doi:10.1097/JU.0000000000004842, 10.1097/JU.0000000000004843, 10.1097/JU.0000000000004844.

  2. Pearle MS, Goldfarb DS, Assimos DG, et al. Medical Management of Kidney Stones: AUA Guideline. J Urol. 2014;192(2):316-324 (reviewed 2019). doi:10.1016/j.juro.2014.05.006.

  3. European Association of Urology. EAU Guidelines on Urolithiasis, 2026 online edition. Diagnosis and treatment; metabolic evaluation and recurrence prevention. https://uroweb.org/guidelines/urolithiasis. Accessed October 1, 2026. See also Skolarikos A, Geraghty R, Somani B, et al. Eur Urol. 2025;88(1):64-75. doi:10.1016/j.eururo.2025.03.011.

  4. Dhayat NA, Bonny O, Roth B, et al. Hydrochlorothiazide and Prevention of Kidney-Stone Recurrence (NOSTONE). N Engl J Med. 2023;388(9):781-791. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa2209275.

  5. Campschroer T, Zhu X, Vernooij RWM, Lock MTWT. Alpha-blockers as medical expulsive therapy for ureteral stones. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2018;(4):CD008509. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD008509.pub3.

  6. Pathan SA, Mitra B, Cameron PA. A systematic review and meta-analysis comparing the efficacy of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, opioids, and paracetamol in the treatment of acute renal colic. Eur Urol. 2018;73(4):583-595. doi:10.1016/j.eururo.2017.11.001.

  7. Worster AS, Bhanich Supapol W. Fluids and diuretics for acute ureteric colic. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2012;(2):CD004926. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD004926.pub3.

  8. Preminger GM, Tiselius HG, Assimos DG, et al. 2007 Guideline for the Management of Ureteral Calculi. J Urol. 2007;178(6):2418-2434. doi:10.1016/j.juro.2007.09.107.

  9. Smith-Bindman R, Aubin C, Bailitz J, et al. Ultrasonography versus computed tomography for suspected nephrolithiasis. N Engl J Med. 2014;371(12):1100-1110. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa1404446.

  10. Borghi L, Schianchi T, Meschi T, et al. Comparison of two diets for the prevention of recurrent stones in idiopathic hypercalciuria. N Engl J Med. 2002;346(2):77-84. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa010369.

  11. Ferraro PM, Taylor EN, Gambaro G, Curhan GC. Soda and other beverages and the risk of kidney stones. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol. 2013;8(8):1389-1395. doi:10.2215/CJN.11661112.

  12. Gettman MT, Ogan K, Brinkley LJ, et al. Effect of cranberry juice consumption on urinary stone risk factors. J Urol. 2005;174(2):590-594. doi:10.1097/01.ju.0000165168.68054.f8.

  13. Seltzer MA, Low RK, McDonald M, Shami GS, Stoller ML. Dietary manipulation with lemonade to treat hypocitraturic calcium nephrolithiasis. J Urol. 1996;156(3):907-909. doi:10.1097/00005392-199609000-00018.

  14. Oberlin DT, Flum AS, Bachrach L, Matulewicz RS, Flury SC. Contemporary surgical trends in the management of upper tract calculi. J Urol. 2015;193(3):880-884. doi:10.1016/j.juro.2014.09.006.

  15. Krambeck AE, Gettman MT, Rohlinger AL, et al. Diabetes mellitus and hypertension associated with shock wave lithotripsy of renal and proximal ureteral stones at 19 years of followup. J Urol. 2006;175(5):1742-1747. doi:10.1016/S0022-5347(05)00989-4.

  16. American Urological Association/SUFU. Microhematuria Guideline (2020, amended 2025). https://www.auanet.org/documents/Guidelines/PDF/2025%20Guidelines/MH%20Unabridged%2002.2025FINAL4.pdf. See original publication: Barocas DA, Boorjian SA, Alvarez RD, et al. J Urol. 2020;204(4):778-786. doi:10.1097/JU.0000000000001297.

  17. Freedman ND, Silverman DT, Hollenbeck AR, Schatzkin A, Abnet CC. Association between smoking and risk of bladder cancer among men and women. JAMA. 2011;306(7):737-745. doi:10.1001/jama.2011.1142.

  18. Denburg MR, Leonard MB, Haynes K, et al. Risk of fracture in urolithiasis: a population-based cohort study using the Health Improvement Network. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol. 2014;9(12):2133-2140. doi:10.2215/CJN.04340514.

  19. Tasian GE, Ross ME, Song L, et al. Annual incidence of nephrolithiasis among children and adults in South Carolina from 1997 to 2012. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol. 2016;11(3):488-496. doi:10.2215/CJN.07610715.

  20. Rule AD, Lieske JC, Li X, Melton LJ 3rd, Krambeck AE, Bergstralh EJ. The ROKS nomogram for predicting a second symptomatic stone episode. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2014;25(12):2878-2886. doi:10.1681/ASN.2013091011.

  21. Garrelfs SF, Frishberg Y, Hulton SA, et al. Lumasiran, an RNAi therapeutic for primary hyperoxaluria type 1. N Engl J Med. 2021;384(13):1216-1226. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa2021712.

  22. Edvardsson VO, Sahota A, Palsson R. Adenine Phosphoribosyltransferase Deficiency. GeneReviews. Seattle: University of Washington; updated 2019. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK100238/.

  23. Hayward G, Mort S, Hay AD, et al. d-Mannose for Prevention of Recurrent Urinary Tract Infection Among Women: A Randomized Clinical Trial. JAMA Intern Med. 2024. doi:10.1001/jamainternmed.2024.0264.

  24. Agarwal R, Sinha AD, Cramer AE, et al. Chlorthalidone for Hypertension in Advanced Chronic Kidney Disease. N Engl J Med. 2021. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa2110730. This was a blood-pressure trial, not a stone-recurrence trial.

  25. Davenport MS, Perazella MA, Yee J, et al. Use of Intravenous Iodinated Contrast Media in Patients With Kidney Disease: Consensus Statements from the American College of Radiology and the National Kidney Foundation. Radiology. 2020. doi:10.1148/radiol.2019192094.

  26. KDIGO. 2024 Clinical Practice Guideline for the Evaluation and Management of Chronic Kidney Disease. https://kdigo.org/guidelines/ckd-evaluation-and-management/.

  27. Internal Revenue Service. Publication 969: Health Savings Accounts and Other Tax-Favored Health Plans. https://www.irs.gov/publications/p969. Check the current rules and your account administrator before claiming an expense.

  28. U.S. Department of Labor. Fact Sheet #28: The Family and Medical Leave Act. https://www.dol.gov/agencies/whd/fact-sheets/28-fmla.

  29. DailyMed. Tamsulosin hydrochloride capsule labeling. https://dailymed.nlm.nih.gov/dailymed/drugInfo.cfm?setid=6142d7b6-e5ea-1af0-e053-2991aa0a00cd. Standard capsule administration is approximately thirty minutes after the same meal daily; stone passage is an off-label use.

  30. DailyMed. Allopurinol tablet prescribing information, current labeling accessed October 1, 2026. https://dailymed.nlm.nih.gov/dailymed/drugInfo.cfm?setid=2462b4b5-8313-4e4d-93ac-839de4a29520. Review rash instructions, renal dosing, and drug interactions with the prescriber.

  31. Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services. Medical bill rights when not using insurance; good-faith estimates and patient-provider disputes. https://www.cms.gov/initiatives/your-patient-rights/medical-bill-rights/know-your-medical-bill-rights/know-your-medical-bill-rights-when-not-using-insurance. Accessed October 1, 2026.

  32. Medicare.gov. Clinical research studies: coverage and costs. https://www.medicare.gov/coverage/clinical-research-studies. Accessed October 1, 2026. Coverage varies with the study and service.