UroLongevity: References
The Physician’s Guide to Healthspan and Precision Aging
David Shusterman, MD · Edition 2.1
This archive preserves the 158 bibliography entries supplied for edition 2.1, with evidence reviewed through August 13, 2026. Reference text and identifiers are retained from that edition. Restoring this page does not represent a new independent review of every citation. Medical information is for education and does not replace personal medical care.
Download the edition bibliography
Numbered reference archive
1. ULON-REF-0001
Adunsky A, Chandler J, Heyden N, et al. MK-0677 (ibutamoren mesylate) for the treatment of patients recovering from hip fracture: a multicenter, randomized, placebo-controlled phase IIb study. Arch Gerontol Geriatr 2011;53:183-189.
2. ULON-REF-0002
Al-Dulaimi S, Thomas R, Matta S, Roberts T. Epitalon increases telomere length in human cell lines through telomerase upregulation or ALT activity. Biogerontology. 2025;26:178. doi:10.1007/s10522-025-10315-x.
3. ULON-REF-0003
Araj M, Brzezik M, Mądra-Gackowska K, Szeleszczuk Ł. Epitalon — 25 years of research. Int J Mol Sci 2025.
4. ULON-REF-0004
Aronne LJ, Horn DB, le Roux CW, et al; SURMOUNT-5 Trial Investigators. Tirzepatide as compared with semaglutide for the treatment of obesity. N Engl J Med 2025;393:26-36.
5. ULON-REF-0005
Badenhorst T, Svirskis D, Wu Z. Pharmaceutical strategies for the topical dermal delivery of peptides/proteins for cosmetic and therapeutic applications. Austin J Pharmacol Ther 2016;4:1083.
6. ULON-REF-0006
Barzilai N, Crandall JP, Kritchevsky SB, Espeland MA. Metformin as a tool to target aging. Cell Metab. 2016;23:1060-1065. doi:10.1016/j.cmet.2016.05.011.
7. ULON-REF-0007
Bauer J, Biolo G, Cederholm T, et al. Evidence-based recommendations for optimal dietary protein intake in older people: a position paper from the PROT-AGE Study Group. J Am Med Dir Assoc 2013;14:542-559.
8. ULON-REF-0008
Beck DE, Sweeney WB, McCarter MD, et al. Prospective, randomized, controlled, proof-of-concept study of the Ghrelin mimetic ipamorelin for the management of postoperative ileus in bowel resection patients. Int J Colorectal Dis 2014;29:1527-1534.
9. ULON-REF-0009
Bell CG, Lowe R, Adams PD, et al. DNA methylation aging clocks: challenges and recommendations. Genome Biol 2019;20:249.
10. ULON-REF-0010
Belsky DW, Caspi A, Corcoran DL, et al. DunedinPACE, a DNA methylation biomarker of the pace of aging. eLife 2022;11:e73420.
11. ULON-REF-0011
Ben-Shlomo A, Deng N, Ding E, et al. DNA damage and growth hormone hypersecretion in pituitary somatotroph adenomas. J Clin Invest 2020;130:5738-5755.
12. ULON-REF-0012
Berry SE, Valdes AM, Drew DA, et al. Human postprandial responses to food and potential for precision nutrition. Nat Med 2020;26:964-973.
13. ULON-REF-0013
Bjedov I, Toivonen JM, Kerr F, et al. Mechanisms of life span extension by rapamycin in the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster. Cell Metab 2010;11:35-46.
14. ULON-REF-0014
Bliss M. The Discovery of Insulin. University of Chicago Press; 1982.
15. ULON-REF-0015
Bock-Marquette I, Saxena A, White MD, et al. Thymosin β4 activates integrin-linked kinase and promotes cardiac cell migration, survival and cardiac repair. Nature 2004;432:466-472.
16. ULON-REF-0016
Bornstein SR, Allolio B, Arlt W, et al. Diagnosis and treatment of primary adrenal insufficiency: an Endocrine Society clinical practice guideline. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2016;101:364-389.
17. ULON-REF-0017
Brakedal B, Dölle C, Riemer F, et al. The NADPARK study: a randomized phase I trial of nicotinamide riboside supplementation in Parkinson’s disease. Cell Metab 2022;34:396-407.e6.
18. ULON-REF-0018
Brea-Gómez B, Pérez-Llanes R, Ortega-Donaire L, et al. Effectiveness of pelvic floor muscle training with biofeedback in patients undergoing radical prostatectomy: systematic review and meta-analysis. Eur Urol Focus 2025; published online ahead of print.
19. ULON-REF-0019
Bretthauer M, Løberg M, Wieszczy P, et al. Effect of colonoscopy screening on risks of colorectal cancer and related death. N Engl J Med 2022;387:1547-1556. (NordICC trial.)
20. ULON-REF-0020
Budoff MJ, Young R, Burke G, et al. Ten-year association of coronary artery calcium with atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD) events: the Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis (MESA). Eur Heart J. 2018;39:2401-2408. doi:10.1093/eurheartj/ehy217.
21. ULON-REF-0021
Cohen PA, Bass S. Injecting safety into supplements — modernizing the dietary supplement law. N Engl J Med 2019;381:2387-2389.
22. ULON-REF-0022
Corpas E, Harman SM, Pineyro MA, Roberson R, Blackman MR. Growth hormone (GH)-releasing hormone-(1-29) twice daily reverses the decreased GH and insulin-like growth factor-I levels in old men. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1992;75:530-535.
23. ULON-REF-0023
Cruz-Jentoft AJ, Bahat G, Bauer J, et al. Sarcopenia: revised European consensus on definition and diagnosis. Age Ageing. 2019;48:16-31. Correction: Age Ageing. 2019;48:601. doi:10.1093/ageing/afy169.
24. ULON-REF-0024
Dalmasso G, Charrier-Hisamuddin L, Nguyen HT, et al. PepT1-mediated tripeptide KPV uptake reduces intestinal inflammation. Gastroenterology 2008;134:166-178.
25. ULON-REF-0025
de Lima Beltrão FE, Carvalhal G, de Almeida Beltrão DC, et al. Treatment Preferences in Patients With Hypothyroidism. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2025;110(3):887-900. doi:10.1210/clinem/dgae651.
26. ULON-REF-0026
Dietary Supplement Health and Education Act of 1994, Pub L No. 103-417, 108 Stat 4325 (codified at 21 USC §§ 321 et seq.).
27. ULON-REF-0027
Drug Quality and Security Act, Pub L No. 113-54 (2013).
28. ULON-REF-0028
Gong Q, Zhang P, Wang J, et al. Morbidity and mortality after lifestyle intervention for people with impaired glucose tolerance: 30-year results of the Da Qing Diabetes Prevention Outcome Study. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol. 2019;7:452-461. doi:10.1016/S2213-8587(19)30093-2.
29. ULON-REF-0029
Eli Lilly and Company. Lilly’s retatrutide reduced body weight by 28.7% in adults living with obesity and knee osteoarthritis in pivotal Phase 3 TRIUMPH-4 study. Press release, December 11, 2025.
30. ULON-REF-0030
Endocrine Society. Testosterone therapy for hypogonadism guideline resources. Clinical practice guideline, current webpage accessed August 13, 2026.
31. ULON-REF-0031
Endocrine Society. Statement on testosterone replacement therapy. July 16, 2026.
32. ULON-REF-0032
Eng J, Kleinman WA, Singh L, Singh G, Raufman JP. Isolation and characterization of exendin-4, an exendin-3 analogue, from Heloderma suspectum venom. Further evidence for an exendin receptor on dispersed acini from guinea pig pancreas. J Biol Chem 1992;267:7402-7405.
33. ULON-REF-0033
Estruch R, Ros E, Salas-Salvadó J, et al. Primary prevention of cardiovascular disease with a Mediterranean diet supplemented with extra-virgin olive oil or nuts. N Engl J Med 2018;378:e34.
34. ULON-REF-0034
Falutz J, Allas S, Blot K, et al. Metabolic effects of a growth hormone-releasing factor in patients with HIV. N Engl J Med 2007;357:2359-2370.
35. ULON-REF-0035
Falutz J, Mamputu JC, Potvin D, et al. Effects of tesamorelin (TH9507), a growth hormone-releasing factor analog, in HIV-infected patients with excess abdominal fat: a pooled analysis of two multicenter, double-blind placebo-controlled phase 3 trials with safety extension data. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2010;95:4291-4304.
36. ULON-REF-0036
Falutz J, Potvin D, Mamputu JC, et al. Effects of tesamorelin, a growth hormone-releasing factor, in HIV-infected patients with abdominal fat accumulation: a randomized placebo-controlled trial with a safety extension. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 2010;53:311-322.
37. ULON-REF-0037
Food and Drug Administration. FDA approves first oral GLP-1 treatment for type 2 diabetes (Rybelsus). News release, September 20, 2019.
38. ULON-REF-0038
Food and Drug Administration. Bulk drug substances used in compounding under section 503A of the FD&C Act: nomination categories and interim enforcement policy. Current agency webpage, accessed August 13, 2026.
39. ULON-REF-0039
Food and Drug Administration. Certain bulk drug substances for use in compounding may present significant safety risks. Current agency webpage, accessed August 13, 2026.
40. ULON-REF-0040
Food and Drug Administration. FDA’s concerns with unapproved GLP-1 drugs used for weight loss. Updated through May 31, 2026; accessed August 13, 2026.
41. ULON-REF-0041
Food and Drug Administration. July 23–24, 2026 Pharmacy Compounding Advisory Committee meeting materials, including FDA introductory and substance-specific briefing documents for BPC-157, emideltide, epitalon, KPV, MOTS-c, Semax, and TB-500. Accessed August 13, 2026.
42. ULON-REF-0042
Food and Drug Administration. FDA issues class-wide labeling changes for testosterone products. Drug safety communication, February 28, 2025.
43. ULON-REF-0043
Food and Drug Administration. FDA approves first oral PCSK9 inhibitor to lower LDL cholesterol in adults with high cholesterol (Lipfendra). News release, 2026.
44. ULON-REF-0044
Food and Drug Administration. FDA approves treatment for metabolic dysfunction-associated steatohepatitis with moderate to advanced fibrosis. News release, 2025; ongoing accelerated-approval confirmatory study status accessed August 13, 2026.
45. ULON-REF-0045
Food and Drug Administration. Drug Trials Snapshot: Forzinity (elamipretide). September 2025; accelerated-approval confirmatory study status accessed August 13, 2026.
46. ULON-REF-0046
Food and Drug Administration. Interim category 2 of the 503A Bulks List. Federal Register, September 29, 2023.
47. ULON-REF-0047
Food and Drug Administration. Removal of certain bulk drug substances from interim category 2 of the 503A Bulks List. Federal Register, April 15, 2026.
48. ULON-REF-0048
Frías JP, Davies MJ, Rosenstock J, et al; SURPASS-2 Investigators. Tirzepatide versus semaglutide once weekly in patients with type 2 diabetes. N Engl J Med 2021;385:503-515.
49. ULON-REF-0049
Lindström J, Ilanne-Parikka P, Peltonen M, et al. Sustained reduction in the incidence of type 2 diabetes by lifestyle intervention: follow-up of the Finnish Diabetes Prevention Study. Lancet. 2006;368:1673-1679. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(06)69701-8.
50. ULON-REF-0050
Gelbard M, Goldstein I, Hellstrom WJ, et al. Clinical efficacy, safety and tolerability of collagenase clostridium histolyticum for the treatment of Peyronie disease in 2 large double-blind, randomized, placebo controlled phase 3 studies. J Urol 2013;190:199-207.
51. ULON-REF-0051
Goldstein AL, Low TLK, McAdoo M, et al. Thymosin α1: isolation and sequence analysis of an immunologically active thymic polypeptide. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1977;74:725-729.
52. ULON-REF-0052
Grönberg A, Mahlapuu M, Ståhle M, et al. Treatment with LL-37 is safe and effective in enhancing healing of hard-to-heal venous leg ulcers: a randomized, placebo-controlled clinical trial. Wound Repair Regen 2014;22:613-621.
53. ULON-REF-0053
Gupta AK, Bamimore MA, Foley KA. Efficacy of non-surgical treatments for androgenetic alopecia in men and women: a systematic review with network meta-analyses, and an assessment of evidence quality. J Dermatolog Treat 2022;33:62-72.
54. ULON-REF-0054
Hannum G, Guinney J, Zhao L, et al. Genome-wide methylation profiles reveal quantitative views of human aging rates. Mol Cell 2013;49:359-367.
55. ULON-REF-0055
Harman D. Aging: a theory based on free radical and radiation chemistry. J Gerontol 1956;11:298-300.
56. ULON-REF-0056
Harrison DE, Strong R, Sharp ZD, et al. Rapamycin fed late in life extends lifespan in genetically heterogeneous mice. Nature 2009;460:392-395.
57. ULON-REF-0057
Hickson LJ, Langhi Prata LGP, Bobart SA, et al. Senolytics decrease senescent cells in humans: preliminary report from a clinical trial of dasatinib plus quercetin in individuals with diabetic kidney disease. EBioMedicine 2019;47:446-456.
58. ULON-REF-0058
HLB Therapeutics. European Phase 3 SEER-3 topline results for RGN-259 in neurotrophic keratopathy. Company notice, June 24, 2025; independent coverage published July 1, 2025.
59. ULON-REF-0059
Hohl A, Chavez MP, Pasqualotto E, et al. Clomiphene or enclomiphene citrate for the treatment of male hypogonadism: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Arch Endocrinol Metab. 2025;69(5):e250093. doi:10.20945/2359-4292-2025-0093.
60. ULON-REF-0060
Hohl A, Marques P, Ronsoni MF, et al. Selective estrogen receptor modulators (SERMs) for male hypogonadism: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Arch Endocrinol Metab 2025; published online ahead of print.
61. ULON-REF-0061
Horvath S, Raj K. DNA methylation-based biomarkers and the epigenetic clock theory of ageing. Nat Rev Genet 2018;19:371-384.
62. ULON-REF-0062
Horvath S. DNA methylation age of human tissues and cell types. Genome Biol 2013;14:R115.
63. ULON-REF-0063
Hróbjartsson A, Thomsen ASS, Emanuelsson F, et al. Observer bias in randomised clinical trials with binary outcomes: systematic review of trials with both blinded and non-blinded outcome assessors. BMJ 2012;344:e1119.
64. ULON-REF-0064
Hughes MCB, Williams GM, Baker P, Green AC. Sunscreen and prevention of skin aging: a randomized trial. Ann Intern Med 2013;158:781-790.
65. ULON-REF-0065
Imperiale TF, Ransohoff DF, Itzkowitz SH, et al. Multitarget stool DNA testing for colorectal-cancer screening. N Engl J Med 2014;370:1287-1297. (Cologuard pivotal trial.)
66. ULON-REF-0066
Ionescu M, Frohman LA. Pulsatile secretion of growth hormone (GH) persists during continuous stimulation by CJC-1295, a long-acting GH-releasing hormone analog. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2006;91:4792-4797.
67. ULON-REF-0067
Jastreboff AM, Aronne LJ, Ahmad NN, et al; SURMOUNT-1 Investigators. Tirzepatide once weekly for the treatment of obesity. N Engl J Med 2022;387:205-216.
68. ULON-REF-0068
Jastreboff AM, Kaplan LM, Frías JP, et al. Triple-hormone-receptor agonist retatrutide for obesity — a Phase 2 trial. N Engl J Med 2023;389:514-526.
69. ULON-REF-0069
Kaeberlein TL, Green AS, Haddad G, et al. Evaluation of off-label rapamycin use to promote healthspan in 333 adults. GeroScience 2023;45:2757-2768.
70. ULON-REF-0070
Kawai T, Sun B, Yoshino H, et al. Structural basis for GLP-1 receptor activation by LY3502970, an orally active nonpeptide agonist. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2020;117:29959-29967.
71. ULON-REF-0071
Khavinson VK, Bondarev IE, Butyugov AA. Epithalon peptide induces telomerase activity and telomere elongation in human somatic cells. Bull Exp Biol Med 2003;135:590-592.
72. ULON-REF-0072
Khavinson VK, Morozov VG. Peptides of pineal gland and thymus prolong human life. Neuroendocrinology Letters 2003;24:233-240.
73. ULON-REF-0073
Khorram O, Laughlin GA, Yen SS. Endocrine and metabolic effects of long-term administration of [Nle27]growth hormone-releasing hormone-(1-29)-NH2 in age-advanced men and women. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1997;82:1472-1479.
74. ULON-REF-0074
Kingsberg SA, Clayton AH, Portman D, et al. Bremelanotide for the treatment of hypoactive sexual desire disorder: two randomized phase 3 trials. Obstet Gynecol 2019;134:899-908. (RECONNECT-1 and RECONNECT-2.)
75. ULON-REF-0075
Klier S, Dananberg J, Masaki L, et al. Safety and efficacy of senolytic UBX1325 in diabetic macular edema. NEJM Evidence 2025;4:EVIDoa2400009.
76. ULON-REF-0076
Kligman AM, Grove GL, Hirose R, Leyden JJ. Topical tretinoin for photoaged skin. J Am Acad Dermatol 1986;15:836-859.
77. ULON-REF-0077
Kokkinos P, Faselis C, Samuel IBH, et al. Cardiorespiratory fitness and mortality risk across the spectra of age, race, and sex. J Am Coll Cardiol 2022;80:598-609.
78. ULON-REF-0078
Kosiborod MN, Abildstrøm SZ, Borlaug BA, et al; STEP-HFpEF Trial Committees and Investigators. Semaglutide in patients with heart failure with preserved ejection fraction and obesity. N Engl J Med 2023;389:1069-1084.
79. ULON-REF-0079
Lee C, Zeng J, Drew BG, et al. The mitochondrial-derived peptide MOTS-c promotes metabolic homeostasis and reduces obesity and insulin resistance. Cell Metab 2015;21:443-454.
80. ULON-REF-0080
Lehallier B, Gate D, Schaum N, et al. Undulating changes in human plasma proteome profiles across the lifespan. Nat Med 2019;25:1843-1850.
81. ULON-REF-0081
Leong DP, Teo KK, Rangarajan S, et al. Prognostic value of grip strength: findings from the Prospective Urban Rural Epidemiology (PURE) study. Lancet 2015;386:266-273.
82. ULON-REF-0082
Levine ME, Lu AT, Quach A, et al. An epigenetic biomarker of aging for lifespan and healthspan. Aging (Albany NY) 2018;10:573-591. (PhenoAge.)
83. ULON-REF-0083
Lincoff AM, Bhasin S, Flevaris P, et al; TRAVERSE Study Investigators. Cardiovascular safety of testosterone-replacement therapy. N Engl J Med 2023;389:107-117.
84. ULON-REF-0084
Lincoff AM, Brown-Frandsen K, Colhoun HM, et al; SELECT Trial Investigators. Semaglutide and cardiovascular outcomes in obesity without diabetes. N Engl J Med 2023;389:2221-2232.
85. ULON-REF-0085
Liu H, Bravata DM, Olkin I, et al. Systematic review: the safety and efficacy of growth hormone in the healthy elderly. Ann Intern Med 2007;146:104-115.
86. ULON-REF-0086
Livingston G, Huntley J, Sommerlad A, et al. Dementia prevention, intervention, and care: 2020 report of the Lancet Commission. Lancet 2020;396:413-446.
87. ULON-REF-0087
Low TLK, Hu SK, Goldstein AL. Complete amino acid sequence of bovine thymosin β4: a thymic hormone that induces terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase activity in thymocyte populations. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1981;78:1162-1166.
88. ULON-REF-0088
Lu AT, Quach A, Wilson JG, et al. DNA methylation GrimAge strongly predicts lifespan and healthspan. Aging (Albany NY) 2019;11:303-327.
89. ULON-REF-0089
Lucente V, MacDiarmid S, Khera M, et al. Two-year results from a prospective, multicenter, single-arm pivotal study of an implantable tibial neuromodulation system for the treatment of urinary urgency incontinence. Urology 2024;186:80-87.
90. ULON-REF-0090
Lundh A, Lexchin J, Mintzes B, et al. Industry sponsorship and research outcome. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2017;2:MR000033.
91. ULON-REF-0091
López-Otín C, Blasco MA, Partridge L, Serrano M, Kroemer G. Hallmarks of aging: an expanding universe. Cell 2023;186:243-278.
92. ULON-REF-0092
López-Otín C, Blasco MA, Partridge L, Serrano M, Kroemer G. The hallmarks of aging. Cell 2013;153:1194-1217.
93. ULON-REF-0093
Malhotra A, Grunstein RR, Fietze I, et al; SURMOUNT-OSA Investigators. Tirzepatide for the treatment of obstructive sleep apnea and obesity. N Engl J Med 2024;391:1193-1205.
94. ULON-REF-0094
Mandsager K, Harb S, Cremer P, et al. Association of cardiorespiratory fitness with long-term mortality among adults undergoing exercise treadmill testing. JAMA Netw Open 2018;1:e183605.
95. ULON-REF-0095
Mannick JB, Del Giudice G, Lattanzi M, et al. mTOR inhibition improves immune function in the elderly. Sci Transl Med 2014;6:268ra179.
96. ULON-REF-0096
Mannick JB, Morris M, Hockey HU, et al. TORC1 inhibition enhances immune function and reduces infections in the elderly. Sci Transl Med 2018;10:eaaq1564.
97. ULON-REF-0097
Manson JE, Chlebowski RT, Stefanick ML, et al. Menopausal hormone therapy and health outcomes during the intervention and extended poststopping phases of the Women’s Health Initiative randomized trials. JAMA 2013;310:1353-1368.
98. ULON-REF-0098
Marso SP, Bain SC, Consoli A, et al. Semaglutide and cardiovascular outcomes in patients with type 2 diabetes. N Engl J Med 2016;375:1834-1844.
99. ULON-REF-0099
Marso SP, Daniels GH, Brown-Frandsen K, et al; LEADER Trial Investigators. Liraglutide and cardiovascular outcomes in type 2 diabetes. N Engl J Med 2016;375:311-322.
100. ULON-REF-0100
Martens CR, Denman BA, Mazzo MR, et al. Chronic nicotinamide riboside supplementation is well-tolerated and elevates NAD⁺ in healthy middle-aged and older adults. Nat Commun 2018;9:1286.
101. ULON-REF-0101
McDermott MM, Martens CR, Domanchuk KJ, et al. Nicotinamide riboside for peripheral artery disease: the NICE randomized clinical trial. Nat Commun 2024;15:5046.
102. ULON-REF-0102
McEvoy RD, Antic NA, Heeley E, et al. CPAP for prevention of cardiovascular events in obstructive sleep apnea. N Engl J Med 2016;375:919-931.
103. ULON-REF-0103
Merrifield RB. Solid phase peptide synthesis I: The synthesis of a tetrapeptide. J Am Chem Soc 1963;85:2149-2154. (Nobel Prize in Chemistry, 1984.)
104. ULON-REF-0104
MESA Investigators — see Budoff MJ et al. (above) for the contemporary CAC-mortality framework citation.
105. ULON-REF-0105
Moel M, Harinath G, Lee V, et al. Influence of rapamycin on safety and healthspan metrics after one year: PEARL trial results. Aging (Albany NY) 2025;17:908-936.
106. ULON-REF-0106
Nadon NL, Strong R, Miller RA, Harrison DE. NIA Interventions Testing Program: investigating putative aging intervention agents in a genetically heterogeneous mouse model. eBioMedicine 2017;21:3-4.
107. ULON-REF-0107
Nair KS, Rizza RA, O’Brien P, et al. DHEA in elderly women and DHEA or testosterone in elderly men. N Engl J Med 2006;355:1647-1659.
108. ULON-REF-0108
Nass R, Pezzoli SS, Oliveri MC, et al. Effects of an oral ghrelin mimetic on body composition and clinical outcomes in healthy older adults: a randomized trial. Ann Intern Med 2008;149:601-611.
109. ULON-REF-0109
Ngandu T, Lehtisalo J, Solomon A, et al. A 2 year multidomain intervention of diet, exercise, cognitive training, and vascular risk monitoring versus control to prevent cognitive decline in at-risk elderly people (FINGER): a randomised controlled trial. Lancet 2015;385:2255-2263.
110. ULON-REF-0110
Nicholls SJ, Bhatt DL, Buse JB, et al; SURPASS-CVOT Investigators. Cardiovascular efficacy and safety of tirzepatide in patients with type 2 diabetes and atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease. N Engl J Med 2025;393:2347-2358.
111. ULON-REF-0111
Nishihara R, Wu K, Lochhead P, et al. Long-term colorectal-cancer incidence and mortality after lower endoscopy. N Engl J Med 2013;369:1095-1105.
112. ULON-REF-0112
Nobel Assembly at Karolinska Institutet. The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2009: Elizabeth H. Blackburn, Carol W. Greider and Jack W. Szostak. October 5, 2009.
113. ULON-REF-0113
Novo Nordisk. Evoke and evoke+ trials of oral semaglutide in early Alzheimer’s disease did not meet primary endpoint. Press release, November 24, 2025.
114. ULON-REF-0114
Ocampo A, Reddy P, Martinez-Redondo P, et al. In vivo amelioration of age-associated hallmarks by partial reprogramming. Cell 2016;167:1719-1733.e12.
115. ULON-REF-0115
Outterson K. Regulating compounding pharmacies after NECC. N Engl J Med 2012;367:1969-1972.
116. ULON-REF-0116
Appel LJ, Champagne CM, Harsha DW, et al. Effects of comprehensive lifestyle modification on blood pressure control: main results of the PREMIER clinical trial. JAMA. 2003;289:2083-2093. doi:10.1001/jama.289.16.2083.
117. ULON-REF-0117
Mack MJ, Leon MB, Thourani VH, et al. Transcatheter aortic-valve replacement with a balloon-expandable valve in low-risk patients. N Engl J Med. 2019;380:1695-1705. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa1814052.
118. ULON-REF-0118
Patchett AA, Nargund RP, Tata JR, et al. Design and biological activities of L-163,191 (MK-0677): a potent, orally active growth hormone secretagogue. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1995;92:7001-7005.
119. ULON-REF-0119
Paulescu NC. Recherche sur le rôle du pancréas dans l’assimilation nutritive. Arch Int Physiol 1921;17:85-103.
120. ULON-REF-0120
Penha MÁ, Miot HA, Kasprzak M, et al. Oral minoxidil 5 mg daily versus topical minoxidil 5% twice daily for male androgenetic alopecia: a randomized clinical trial. JAMA Dermatol 2024;160:600-605.
121. ULON-REF-0121
Peppard PE, Young T, Barnet JH, et al. Increased prevalence of sleep-disordered breathing in adults. Am J Epidemiol 2013;177:1006-1014.
122. ULON-REF-0122
Perkovic V, Tuttle KR, Rossing P, et al; FLOW Trial Committees and Investigators. Effects of semaglutide on chronic kidney disease in patients with type 2 diabetes. N Engl J Med 2024;391:109-121.
123. ULON-REF-0123
Perls TT, Reisman NR, Olshansky SJ. Provision or distribution of growth hormone for “antiaging”: clinical and legal issues. JAMA 2005;294:2086-2090.
124. ULON-REF-0124
Peters KM, Carrico DJ, Perez-Marrero RA, et al. Randomized trial of percutaneous tibial nerve stimulation versus sham efficacy in the treatment of overactive bladder syndrome: results from the SUmiT trial. J Urol 2010;183:1438-1443.
125. ULON-REF-0125
Pi-Sunyer X, Astrup A, Fujioka K, et al; SCALE Obesity and Prediabetes NN8022-1839 Study Group. A randomized, controlled trial of 3.0 mg of liraglutide in weight management. N Engl J Med 2015;373:11-22.
126. ULON-REF-0126
Pickart L, Thaler MM. Growth-modulating tripeptide (glycyl-histidyl-lysine): association with copper and iron in plasma, and stimulation of adhesiveness and growth of hepatoma cells in culture by tripeptide-metal ion complexes. J Cell Physiol 1980;102:129-139.
127. ULON-REF-0127
Pickart L, Vasquez-Soltero JM, Margolina A. GHK peptide as a natural modulator of multiple cellular pathways in skin regeneration. Biomed Res Int 2015;2015:648108.
128. ULON-REF-0128
Radley DC, Finkelstein SN, Stafford RS. Off-label prescribing among office-based physicians. Arch Intern Med 2006;166:1021-1026.
129. ULON-REF-0129
Raun K, Hansen BS, Johansen NL, et al. Ipamorelin, the first selective growth hormone secretagogue. Eur J Endocrinol 1998;139:552-561.
130. ULON-REF-0130
Reid Thompson W, Hornby B, Manuel R, et al. A phase 2/3 randomized clinical trial followed by an open-label extension to evaluate the effectiveness of elamipretide in Barth syndrome. Genet Med 2021;23:471-478. (TAZPOWER trial.)
131. ULON-REF-0131
Reynolds JC, Lai RW, Woodhead JST, et al. MOTS-c is an exercise-induced mitochondrial-encoded regulator of age-dependent physical decline and muscle homeostasis. Nat Commun 2021;12:470.
132. ULON-REF-0132
Romani L, Bistoni F, Gaziano R, et al. Thymosin alpha 1 activates dendritic cells for antifungal Th1 resistance through toll-like receptor signaling. Blood 2004;103:4232-4239.
133. ULON-REF-0133
Safarinejad MR, Hosseini SY. Salvage of sildenafil failures with bremelanotide: a randomized, double-blind, placebo controlled study. J Urol 2008;179:1066-1071.
134. ULON-REF-0134
Sanyal AJ, Newsome PN, Kliers I, et al; ESSENCE Study Group. Phase 3 trial of semaglutide in metabolic dysfunction-associated steatohepatitis. N Engl J Med 2025;392:2089-2099.
135. ULON-REF-0135
Savin MJ, Wang H, Pei H, et al. Association of a pace of aging epigenetic clock with rate of cognitive decline in the Framingham Heart Study Offspring Cohort. Alzheimers Dement (Amst). 2024;16(4):e70038. doi:10.1002/dad2.70038.
136. ULON-REF-0136
Schmauck-Medina T, Molière A, Lautrup S, et al. New hallmarks of ageing: a 2022 Copenhagen ageing meeting summary. Aging (Albany NY) 2022;14:6829-6839.
137. ULON-REF-0137
Schweiger A, Diniz B, Nicol G, et al. Protocol for a pilot clinical trial of the senolytic drug combination dasatinib plus quercetin to mitigate age-related health and cognitive decline in mental disorders. F1000Res. 2025;13:1072. doi:10.12688/f1000research.151963.2.
138. ULON-REF-0138
Sikiric P, Petek M, Rucman R, et al. A new gastric juice peptide, BPC. An overview of the stomach-stress-organoprotection hypothesis and beneficial effects of BPC. J Physiol Paris 1993;87:313-327.
139. ULON-REF-0139
Simon JA, Kingsberg SA, Goldstein I, et al. Long-term safety and efficacy of bremelanotide for hypoactive sexual desire disorder. Obstet Gynecol 2019;134:909-917.
140. ULON-REF-0140
Sosne G, Kleinman HK, Springs C, et al. 0.1% RGN-259 (Thymosin β4) ophthalmic solution promotes healing and improves comfort in neurotrophic keratopathy patients in a randomized, placebo-controlled, double-masked Phase III clinical trial. Int J Mol Sci 2023;24:554.
141. ULON-REF-0141
Stanley TL, Fourman LT, Feldpausch MN, et al. Effects of tesamorelin on non-alcoholic fatty liver disease in HIV: a randomised, double-blind, multicentre trial. Lancet HIV 2019;6:e821-e830.
142. ULON-REF-0142
Stealth BioTherapeutics Inc. Stealth BioTherapeutics announces FDA accelerated approval of Forzinity (elamipretide HCl), the first therapy for progressive and life-limiting ultra-rare genetic disease Barth syndrome. Press release, September 19, 2025.
143. ULON-REF-0143
Stott DJ, Rodondi N, Kearney PM, et al. Thyroid hormone therapy for older adults with subclinical hypothyroidism. N Engl J Med 2017;376:2534-2544. (TRUST trial.)
144. ULON-REF-0144
Talpos S. How a Croatian Lab Spawned a Buzzy Peptide Now Popular With MAHA. Undark. February 3, 2026. Co-published by STAT.
145. ULON-REF-0145
Teichman SL, Neale A, Lawrence B, et al. Prolonged stimulation of growth hormone (GH) and insulin-like growth factor I secretion by CJC-1295, a long-acting analog of GH-releasing hormone, in healthy adults. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2006;91:799-805.
146. ULON-REF-0146
The 2022 Hormone Therapy Position Statement of The North American Menopause Society Advisory Panel. Menopause 2022;29:767-794.
147. ULON-REF-0147
U.S. Department of Justice. Nicholasville compounding pharmacy and its owner plead guilty to unlawful distribution of prescription drugs. Press release, October 5, 2020. (Tailor Made Compounding LLC.)
148. ULON-REF-0148
McGuire FP, Martinez R, Lenz A, Skinner L, Cushman DM. Regeneration or Risk? A Narrative Review of BPC-157 for Musculoskeletal Healing. Curr Rev Musculoskelet Med. 2025;18:611-619. doi:10.1007/s12178-025-09990-7.
149. ULON-REF-0149
Vandamme D, Landuyt B, Luyten W, Schoofs L. A comprehensive summary of LL-37, the factotum human cathelicidin peptide. Cell Immunol 2012;280:22-35.
150. ULON-REF-0150
Vittone J, Blackman MR, Busby-Whitehead J, et al. Effects of single nightly injections of growth hormone-releasing hormone (GHRH 1-29) in healthy elderly men. Metabolism 1997;46:89-96.
151. ULON-REF-0151
Wang L, Wang N, Zhang W, et al. Therapeutic peptides: current applications and future directions. Signal Transduct Target Ther 2022;7:48.
152. ULON-REF-0152
Wharton S, Blevins T, Connery L, et al. Daily oral GLP-1 receptor agonist orforglipron for adults with obesity. N Engl J Med. 2023;389:877-888. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa2302392.
153. ULON-REF-0153
Wilding JPH, Batterham RL, Calanna S, et al. Once-weekly semaglutide in adults with overweight or obesity. N Engl J Med 2021;384:989-1002.
154. ULON-REF-0154
Xu M, Pirtskhalava T, Farr JN, et al. Senolytics improve physical function and increase lifespan in old age. Nat Med 2018;24:1246-1256.
155. ULON-REF-0155
Zauber AG, Winawer SJ, O’Brien MJ, et al. Colonoscopic polypectomy and long-term prevention of colorectal-cancer deaths. N Engl J Med. 2012;366:687-696. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa1100370.
156. ULON-REF-0156
Zeevi D, Korem T, Zmora N, et al. Personalized nutrition by prediction of glycemic responses. Cell 2015;163:1079-1094.
157. ULON-REF-0157
Zhang YY, Chen EQ, Yang J, et al. Treatment with lamivudine versus lamivudine and thymosin alpha-1 for e antigen-positive chronic hepatitis B patients: a meta-analysis. Virol J 2009;6:63.
158. ULON-REF-0158
Zhu Y, Tchkonia T, Pirtskhalava T, et al. The Achilles’ heel of senescent cells: from transcriptome to senolytic drugs. Aging Cell 2015;14:644-658.