References and Sources — September 2026 revision
Raised numbers in the book point to the same numbered entries here. All 58 source identifiers are preserved. Sources do not replace the explanations, precautions, and qualifications in the book.
1. Davis SR, et al. Global Consensus Position Statement on the Use of Testosterone Therapy for Women. JCEM. 2019;104:4660–4666. doi:10.1210/jc.2019-01603.
Postmenopausal HSDD; not general wellbeing, cognition or universal sexual enhancement.
2. Parish SJ, et al. ISSWSH Clinical Practice Guideline for the Use of Systemic Testosterone for HSDD in Women. J Sex Med. 2021;18:849–867. doi:10.1016/j.jsxm.2020.10.009.
Testosterone concentration does not diagnose HSDD. Limited evidence outside postmenopausal HSDD; treatment requires monitoring.
3. Addyi (flibanserin). U.S. prescribing information, revised December 2025. DailyMed.
Acquired generalized HSDD in women under 65, not explained by illness, relationship problems or medication; alcohol, CYP3A4 and liver precautions.
4. Vyleesi (bremelanotide). U.S. prescribing information. DailyMed.
Premenopausal acquired generalized HSDD; not postmenopausal use or sexual performance enhancement. Contraindicated in uncontrolled hypertension or known cardiovascular disease.
5. U.S. Food and Drug Administration. Testosterone Information.
No U.S. testosterone product approved for female HSDD; approval and clinical evidence are separate.
6. AUA/SUFU. Guideline on the Diagnosis and Treatment of Idiopathic Overactive Bladder. 2024.
Idiopathic OAB after relevant alternatives excluded. Treatments selected through shared decision-making; no mandatory step sequence.
7. AUA/SUFU. Microhematuria Guideline. 2020; amended 2025.
Microscopic hematuria risk pathway differs from visible bleeding. Negative testing does not eliminate all future risk.
Review access was partial, indexed, or abstract-only; full-text review is not claimed. The publisher may require institutional access.
8. AUA/CUA/SUFU. Recurrent Uncomplicated Urinary Tract Infections in Women. 2025.
Index population is adult women with recurrent localized uncomplicated cystitis, not sepsis, pregnancy, obstruction or catheter-associated infection.
9. Nicolle LE, et al. IDSA Guideline for Management of Asymptomatic Bacteriuria. Clin Infect Dis. 2019. doi:10.1093/cid/ciy1121.
Bacteriuria alone, including with falls or delirium without local urinary/systemic infection signs, does not justify antibiotics.
10. AUA. Diagnosis and Management of Male Chronic Pelvic Pain. 2025.
Male CP/CPPS and chronic scrotal content pain; heterogeneous mechanisms and limited evidence for many interventions.
11. AUA. Diagnosis and Treatment of Interstitial Cystitis/Bladder Pain Syndrome. 2022.
Not every painful bladder is IC/BPS. Avoid strengthening exercises when painful high-tone muscles need relaxation.
12. AUA. Urethral Stricture Guideline Amendment. 2023. Guideline-panel case-based summary.
Not a general option for every urethral narrowing; location, prior treatment and durability matter.
Review access was partial, indexed, or abstract-only; full-text review is not claimed. The publisher may require institutional access.
13. AUA. Non-Neurogenic Chronic Urinary Retention: Consensus Definition, Management Strategies, and Future Opportunities.
Consensus/expert opinion; residual alone is not the entire risk assessment. Feasibility and upper-tract risk matter.
Review access was partial, indexed, or abstract-only; full-text review is not claimed. The publisher may require institutional access.
14. AUA/SUFU. Adult Neurogenic Lower Urinary Tract Dysfunction Guideline. 2021.
Neurologic disease population; evidence heavily weighted toward spinal cord injury. Cognition, hand function and caregiver capacity limit options.
15. AUA/SUFU. Surgical Treatment of Female Stress Urinary Incontinence: Guideline Amendment. 2023. doi:10.1097/JU.0000000000003435.
Additional access or corroborating reading; does not replace the numbered source
Stress mechanism; not an interchangeable treatment for urgency or overflow leakage. Bulking often needs repeat treatment.
Review access was partial, indexed, or abstract-only; full-text review is not claimed. The publisher may require institutional access.
16. AUA/GURS/SUFU. Incontinence After Prostate Treatment. 2019; amended 2024.
Severity, prior radiation and ability to operate a device change candidacy.
17. AUA. Management of LUTS Attributed to BPH. 2026. Part II: Medical Management. doi:10.1097/JU.0000000000005098.
Additional access or corroborating reading; does not replace the numbered source
Bothersome symptoms attributed to BPH; enlarged prostate does not by itself prove obstruction. No guaranteed symptom response.
Review access was partial, indexed, or abstract-only; full-text review is not claimed. The publisher may require institutional access.
18. EAU. Management of Non-neurogenic Male LUTS. 2026. Disease Management.
Male LUTS; procedural effects differ by anatomy and outcome. Nocturia has systemic/sleep causes and often responds incompletely to outlet treatment.
19. EAU. Prostate Cancer Guidelines. 2026. Diagnostic Evaluation.
MRI estimates suspicion and can miss significant cancer. Negative MRI/biopsy interpreted with baseline risk; screening is not diagnosis.
20. EAU. Prostate Cancer Guidelines. 2026. Treatment.
Life expectancy, risk and baseline function matter; focal/ablative treatments have limited comparative evidence and trial/registry boundaries.
21. Burnett AL, et al. Erectile Dysfunction: AUA Guideline. 2018. doi:10.1016/j.juro.2018.05.004.
ED is a risk marker, not a diagnosis of coronary obstruction. Nitrates contraindicate PDE5 inhibitors. AUA classifies low-intensity shockwave as investigational.
22. EAU. Sexual and Reproductive Health Guidelines. 2026. Management of Erectile Dysfunction.
Weak selected-patient shockwave recommendation; device/protocol heterogeneity. Not a universal restorative cure.
23. AUA. Evaluation and Management of Testosterone Deficiency. 2018; validity confirmed 2024.
Compatible symptoms/signs plus two separate early-morning total testosterone measurements. Benefits in deficient men do not establish longevity benefit.
24. U.S. Food and Drug Administration. FDA issues class-wide labeling changes for testosterone products. February 28, 2025.
Removal of prior boxed cardiovascular wording is not proof of universal cardiovascular safety; blood pressure can increase.
25. Endocrine Society. Testosterone Therapy in Men With Hypogonadism Clinical Practice Guideline. 2018.
Avoid initiation with stated contraindications; individual assessment and monitoring essential. Guideline recommendations may differ from an individual specialist's approach.
26. AUA/SMSNA. Diagnosis and Management of Priapism. 2022.
Patients cannot safely distinguish low- from high-flow themselves. Four-hour emergency assessment must not depend on waiting for pain.
27. AUA. Peyronie’s Disease Guideline. 2015.
Anatomy, stability and erectile function govern treatment; collagenase can cause corporal rupture and is not for every curvature.
28. AUA/SMSNA. Disorders of Ejaculation Guideline. 2020.
Additional access or corroborating reading; does not replace the numbered source
Ejaculation, orgasm and erection are distinct. Several treatments are off-label; no universal drug for delayed orgasm.
Review access was partial, indexed, or abstract-only; full-text review is not claimed. The publisher may require institutional access.
29. AUA/ASRM. Diagnosis and Treatment of Infertility in Men. 2020; amended 2024.
Semen parameters are imperfect fertility predictors; testosterone can suppress spermatogenesis; supplements lack reliable established fertility benefit.
30. EAU. Urolithiasis Guidelines. 2026. Guidelines chapter.
Urgent drainage for infected obstruction; stone size/location and clinical risk govern passage and intervention. Pain relief does not prove passage.
31. EAU. Urolithiasis Guidelines. 2026. Metabolic Evaluation and Recurrence Prevention.
Fluid and nutrition advice individualized for kidney/heart disease. Normal food calcium differs from supplements. Prevention is not guaranteed.
32. AUA. Renal Mass and Localized Renal Cancer: Evaluation, Management, and Follow-Up. 2021.
Small size/growth alone does not determine biology. Biopsy useful when it changes management; surveillance is an active plan.
33. KDIGO. Clinical Practice Guideline for Evaluation and Management of Chronic Kidney Disease. 2024.
CKD requires persistence or other evidence of chronicity; creatinine depends partly on muscle. Acute change requires separate assessment.
34. AUA/SUFU/AUGS. Genitourinary Syndrome of Menopause Guideline. 2025.
GSM symptoms overlap infection, dermatoses and pelvic-floor pain. Local estrogen does not substitute for diagnosis or treat every urinary problem.
35. CDC. Sexually Transmitted Infections Treatment Guidelines. 2021; current online guidance.
Additional access or corroborating reading; does not replace the numbered source
STI exposure and local epidemiology affect testing/treatment. Sudden unilateral scrotal pain needs torsion assessment before assuming infection.
36. World Health Organization. Guidelines on Physical Activity and Sedentary Behaviour. 2020. Recommendations.
Additional access or corroborating reading; does not replace the numbered source
150–300 moderate or 75–150 vigorous minutes weekly; strength at least two days; adapt to ability/illness. General-health guidance, not a urologic cure rate.
Review access was partial, indexed, or abstract-only; full-text review is not claimed. The publisher may require institutional access.
37. Cruz-Jentoft AJ, et al. Sarcopenia: revised European consensus on definition and diagnosis. Age Ageing. 2019;48:16–31. doi:10.1093/ageing/afy169.
Low strength signals probable sarcopenia; low mass/quality confirms; low performance indicates severity. One weight measurement is insufficient.
38. NIDDK. Urodynamic Testing.
Descriptions of tests, not evidence that every symptomatic patient needs them; test interpretation remains contextual.
39. American College of Radiology. Manual on Contrast Media. Current online manual.
Additional access or corroborating reading; does not replace the numbered source
Agent, kidney status, acute illness, prior reaction, pregnancy and diagnostic need determine risk; no blanket contrast prohibition.
Review access was partial, indexed, or abstract-only; full-text review is not claimed. The publisher may require institutional access.
40. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. Individuals’ Right under HIPAA to Access their Health Information.
U.S. HIPAA-covered entities and applicable law; not an unlimited right to any format or excluded record.
41. USPSTF. Prostate Cancer: Screening. Final Recommendation Statement. May 8, 2018.
Asymptomatic screening population; differs from evaluation of symptoms or follow-up of known cancer. Update in progress as checked.
42. NIDDK. Cystoscopy & Ureteroscopy.
Direct inspection cannot diagnose every functional or pain disorder; post-procedure fever/retention requires prompt contact.
43. EAU. Urological Infections Guidelines. 2026.
Some stable systemic UTIs can be managed as outpatients; sepsis, obstruction or inability to take treatment changes urgency.
44. Society of Critical Care Medicine. Sepsis Definitions.
Additional access or corroborating reading; does not replace the numbered source
Adult sepsis is infection-related life-threatening organ dysfunction; symptoms alone do not establish sepsis or its source.
45. NIDDK. Urinary Retention.
Additional access or corroborating reading; does not replace the numbered source
Acute inability to urinate needs urgent assessment; chronic retention can be quiet. A diary cannot measure retained urine.
46. Dhayat NA, et al. Hydrochlorothiazide and Prevention of Kidney-Stone Recurrence. N Engl J Med. 2023;388:781–791. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa2209275.
Recurrent calcium-stone population; no substantial primary-outcome benefit versus placebo across studied doses. Does not settle every thiazide regimen or hypercalciuric subgroup.
47. Bhavsar A, Verma S. Anatomic Imaging of the Prostate. Biomed Res Int. 2014;2014:728539. doi:10.1155/2014/728539.
Additional access or corroborating reading; does not replace the numbered source
CC BY 3.0 source credit; image is an example, not a diagnostic performance study.
48. EAU. Testicular Cancer Guidelines. 2026. Diagnostic Evaluation.
Painless mass can be malignant; imaging characterizes a lesion but clinical context determines the pathway.
49. NICE. Suspected neurological conditions: recognition and referral. NG127. Recommendations for adults over 16.
New bladder/bowel/sexual disturbance or perineal numbness with severe radiating back pain needs immediate assessment.
50. NIH Office of Dietary Supplements. Dietary Supplements: What You Need to Know.
Natural does not establish safety; supplements are not assessed for efficacy like approved medicines.
51. ACR. Appropriateness Criteria: Hydronephrosis on Prior Imaging—Unknown Cause. 2023; journal publication 2024.
Dilation requires explanation; anatomical and functional testing address different questions.
52. ACR/RSNA. Renal Scintigraphy. RadiologyInfo.
Tracer study measures function/drainage; not interchangeable with an anatomical scan.
53. National Cancer Institute. Treatment of Bladder Cancer by Stage.
Depth, grade, extent and prior response change treatment; general overview, not an individualized regimen.
54. NIDDK. The A1C Test & Diabetes.
Average glucose exposure over about three months; not an instantaneous glucose measurement.
55. National Library of Medicine. Complete Blood Count (CBC).
CBC abnormalities are clues and monitoring measures, not a specific infection diagnosis.
56. ACR/RSNA. MRI Safety.
Device-specific safety screening; not all implants prohibit MRI.
57. ACR/RSNA. Abdominal Ultrasound.
Sound-wave imaging; limitations depend on anatomy and examination.
58. American Urological Association. Vasectomy Guideline (2026).
Used only for the glossary definition; no reversal success estimate claimed.
Source access and review: September 21, 2026. Evidence and prescribing information can change.